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The Conservative Revolutionary movement was a German national conservative movement, prominent in the years following the First World War. The Conservative Revolutionary school of thought advocated a "new" conservatism and nationalism that was specifically German, or Prussian in particular. Like other conservative movements in the same period, they sought to put a stop to the rising tide of liberalism and communism. ==History== The Conservative Revolutionaries based their ideas on organic rather than materialistic thinking, on quality instead of quantity, and on ''Volksgemeinschaft'' ("folk-community") rather than class conflict and "mob rule". These writers produced a profusion of radical nationalistic literature that consisted of war diaries, combat fictional works, political journalism, manifestos, and philosophical treatises outlining their ideas for the transformation of German cultural and political life. Outraged by liberalism and egalitarianism, and rejecting the commercial culture of industrial and urban civilization, they advocated the destruction of the liberal order, by revolutionary means if necessary, in order to make way for the establishment of a new order, founded on conservative principles. The movement had a wide influence among many of Germany’s most gifted youth, universities, and middle classes. The term "Conservative Revolution" predates the First World War, but the writer Hugo von Hofmannsthal and the political theorist Edgar Julius Jung were instrumental in making this term an established concept of the Weimar period. Thomas Mann used the term to describe Friedrich Nietzsche, whose philosophy greatly influenced many of the thinkers associated with the movement.〔Thomas Mann: Große kommentierte Frankfurter Ausgabe, Frankfurt, 2002, Vol. 15, p. 341.〕 Initially, Arthur Moeller van den Bruck was the dominant figure of the conservative revolution in the Weimar republic.〔Stern, Fritz Richard, ''The politics of cultural despair: a study in the rise of the Germanic ideology'', University of California Press, reprint edition (1974), p. 296〕 Rejecting reactionary conservatism, he proposed a new state, a 'Third Reich' which would unite all classes under authoritarian rule〔Burleigh, Michael, ''The Third Reich: a new history'', Pan MacMillan (2001), p. 75〕 based on a combination of the nationalism of the right and the socialism of the left.〔Redles, David ''Nazi End Times; The Third Reich as a Millennial Reich'' in Kinane, Karolyn & Ryan, Michael A. (eds), ''End of days: essays on the apocalypse from antiquity to modernity'', McFarland and Co (2009), p. 176〕 Jung promoted a fascist version of Conservative Revolution from the 1920s to the 1930s, which like fascism: spoke of nations as being singular organic entities; attacked individualism while promoting militarism and war; promoted "total mobilization" of human and industrial resources; and promoting the productive power of modernity, similar to the futurism espoused by Italian Fascism.〔Griffen, Roger (ed). 1995. "The Legal Basis of the Total State" - by Carl Schmitt. Fascism. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 109.〕 While Carl Schmitt promoted anti-Semitic views, he claimed that he held no fondness towards the National Socialism of Adolf Hitler which he considered to be too vulgar.〔Griffen, Roger (ed). 1995. "The Legal Basis of the Total State" - by Carl Schmitt. Fascism. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 108.〕 Hermann Rauschning was typical of the Conservative Revolutionaries.〔Stern, Fritz Richard, ''The politics of cultural despair: a study in the rise of the Germanic ideology'', University of California Press, reprint edition (1974), note to p. 297〕 For Rauschning the Conservative Revolution “meant the prewar monarchic-Christian revolt against modernity that made a devil’s pact with Hitler during the Weimar period”.〔Neaman, Elliot Yale, ''A dubious past: Ernst Jünger and the politics of literature after Nazism'', University of California Press (1999), p. 71〕 The Conservative Revolutionaries, many of whom were born in the last decade of the nineteenth century, were all basically formed by their experiences of the First World War. The war and the German Revolution was for them a clean break from the past, which left them greatly disillusioned. First, the experience of the horrors of trench warfare, the filth, the hunger, the negation of heroism to a man’s effort to stay alive on the battlefield and the random death led to many recognizing that there was no meaning to this war, or to life itself. They also had to contend with the Dolchstoßlegende ("stab-in-the-back legend") of the end of the war. Second, in this ''Kriegserlebnis'' (war experience), they sought to re-establish the ''Frontgemeinschaft'' (the frontline camaraderie) that defined their existence on the warfront. They felt that they were "like a puppet which has to dance for the demonic entertainment of evil spirits". Some were attracted to nihilist ideas. In their ''Froschperspektive'' writings, they sought to give their experience meaning. The Conservative Revolutionaries held an ambivalent view of the Nazis.〔Bullivant, Keith, ''The Conservative Revolution'' in Phelan, Anthony (ed.), ''The Weimar dilemma: intellectuals in the Weimar Republic'', Manchester University Press (1985), p. 66〕 After 1933 some of the proponents of the conservative revolutionary movement were persecuted by the Nazis, most notably by the SS of Heinrich Himmler, who wanted to prevent reactionaries from opposing or deviating from the Hitler regime in this early time. Jung would lose his life in the 'Night of the Long Knives' and this would for many Conservative Revolutionaries end the alliance between them and the Nazis.〔Bullivant, Keith, ''The Conservative Revolution'' in Phelan, Anthony (ed.), ''The Weimar dilemma: intellectuals in the Weimar Republic'', Manchester University Press (1985), p. 66〕 Rauschning came "to the bitter conclusion that the Nazi regime represented anything other than the longed-for German revolution" and his position was "generally typically of the majority" of Conservative Revolutionaries.〔Bullivant, Keith, ''The Conservative Revolution'' in Phelan, Anthony (ed.), ''The Weimar dilemma: intellectuals in the Weimar Republic'', Manchester University Press (1985), p. 66〕 Some conservative revolutionary movement members went into anonymity, some arranged themselves within the new regime and became NSDAP members. Rauschning defected to the West and wrote against the Nazi regime. Others, like Claus von Stauffenberg, remained inside the Reichswehr and later Wehrmacht, to silently conspire in the 20 July plot of 1944. The historian Fritz Stern stated that it was "a tribute to the genuine spiritual quality of the conservative revolution that the reality of the Third Reich aroused many of them to opposition, sometimes silent, often open and costly".〔Stern, Fritz Richard, ''The politics of cultural despair: a study in the rise of the Germanic ideology'', University of California Press, reprint edition (1974), p. 296〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Conservative Revolutionary movement」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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